#Substations

Power Engineering Primer September 7, 2026

Substations and Transmission Lines 101 — Reading High Voltage, Protection Relays, and HVDC Through Grid Behavior

Why is a power plant's electricity stepped up to hundreds of kV and then stepped down in stages at substations? This piece diagrams the roles of transformers, circuit breakers, busbars, protection relays, and transmission lines — the equations behind loss, power angle, and insulation coordination, alongside today's equipment, digital substations, and HVDC research — as a single system.

Fundamentals · 9 min Power Engineering Primer September 7, 2026

Power Systems 101 — Reading Generation, Transmission, and Storage as One System

Hydro, thermal, nuclear, solar, and wind look nothing alike if you only compare generation methods. This piece reads frequency, supply-demand balancing, substations, transmission losses, batteries, and protection relays as a single power system, walking through the equations that determine output and stability, the equipment in service today, and where renewable-energy research is headed.

Fundamentals · 9 min