A hybrid coordinates an engine and electric motor through series, parallel, or power-split paths. Using Toyota THS planetary gearing as an example, this guide explains SOC management, regeneration, thermal limits, and control with equations and diagrams.
September 3, 2026 Powertrain & Mechanical EngineeringA practical introduction to four-stroke gasoline engines: Otto-cycle thermodynamics, torque and fuel economy, emissions control, current products, and electrification.